KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
AGRICULTURE CURRICULUM
    Introduction
    General Objectives
    Form One Agriculture Syllabus
    Form Two Agriculture Syllabus
    Form Three Agriculture
    Form Four Agriculture  Syllabus
    Appendix I - Garden Tools and Equipment to be Studied
    Appendix I - Livestock Production Tools and Equipment to be Studied
    Appendix I - Workshop Tools and Equipment to be Studied
    Appendix I - Weeds to be Studied
    Appendix I - Crops Pests to be Studied
    Appendix I - Crop Diseases to be Studied
    Appendix II - Evaluation
    Appendix II - Methods of Assessment
    Agriculture Encyclopedia
    Prelude Medicinal Plants Database 
INTRODUCTION (AGRICULTURE)
This syllabus has been compiled with a view to accomplishing two fundamental objectives. First, the learners should develop basic principles of agricultural production relevant to Kenya in general, and specifically to their own environments. Secondly, learners should be involved in practical which aim at assisting them to acquire useful agricultural skills. Therefore, it is highly rec1immended that learners be involved in practical work for actual agricultural production.
Affective domain objectives in agriculture are as important as those in cognitive and psychomotor domains. However, they must not be seen as achievable at the end of each single topic. They are long term objectives and are set out in the general rather than specific objectives. The teacher must not forget them in teaching and in assessment.
The syllabus covers crop production, livestock production, farm power and machinery, farm structures, agricultural economics and agroforestry. These are distributed throughout the four-year course.
An attempt has been made to arrange the topics in a logical sequence. However, due to different ecological zones and .weather patterns in the country, teachers are advised to take into account these differences when developing their schemes of work. They should also endeavour to cover the syllabus within the allocated time. In topics on crop and livestock production, teachers should select examples which are most suited to their ecological zones. It is highly recommended that a crop museum be established in each school. Students should also be encouraged to plant suitable trees in their schools and label them using common and botanical names for each tree.
Each school is encouraged to harvest its rain water from the roof catchments, hold it in reservoirs and use it for irrigation and for livestock, among other uses. Rain water harvesting does not only avail cheap water to the school, but also prevents soil erosion and undermining of building foundations. Agricultural and other related activities must not be used as punishment for wrong doers.
At the end of this syllabus are appendices on lists of tools, weeds, pests and diseases to be Studied, However, teachers are encouraged to innovate and to use local resources in teaching. A guide on learner/assessment and self-evaluation is given in appendix II.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The Secondary Agriculture course aims to:
1. develop an understanding of agriculture and its importance to the family and the nation
2. promote interest in agriculture as an industry and create awareness of opportunities existing in agriculture and related sectors.
3. demonstrate that farming is a dignified and profitable occupation
4. enhance skills needed in carrying out agricultural practices
5. provide a background for further studies in agriculture
6. develop self-reliance, resourcefulness and problem solving abilities in agriculture
7. develop occupational outlook in agriculture
8. enable schools to take an active part in national development through agricultural activities
9. create awareness of the role of agriculture in industrial and technological development
10, enhance understanding of the role of technology and industrialization in agricultural development
11. promote agricultural activities which enhance environmental conservation
12. promote consciousness of health promoting activities in agricultural production.
AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS 
 FORM I
1.0.0 Introduction to Agriculture (8 Lessons)
2.0.0 Factors Influencing Agriculture (24 Lessons)
3.0.0. Farm Tools And Equipment (7 Lessons)
4.0.0 Crop Production I (Land Preparation) (7 Lessons)
5.0.0 Water Supply, Irrigation And Drainage (10 Lessons)
6.0.0 Soil Fertility I (Organic Manures) (6 Lessons)
7.0.0 Livestock Production I (Common Breeds) (7 Lessons)
8.0.0 Agricultural Economics I (Basic Concepts and Farm Records) (7 Lessons).
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION (8 LESSONS)
1.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define agriculture
b) state the main branches of agriculture
c) describe farming systems
d) explain the role of agriculture in the economy and demonstrate an appreciation of its importance to the country
e) demonstrate an appreciation for the wide and varied opportunities in agriculture.
CONTENT:
1.2.1 Definition of agriculture
1.2.2 Branches of agriculture
Crop-farming (Arable farming)
   i) Field crops
   ii) Horticulture
     - Floriculture (flower farming)
     - Olericulture (vegetable farming)
     - Pomoculture (fruit farming)
Livestock farming
   i) Pastoralism - mammalian livestock farming
   ii) Fish farming (Aquaculture)
   iii) Apiculture (Bee keeping)
   iv) Poultry keeping
Agricultural economics
Agricultural engineering
1.2.3 Systems of farming
• Extensive
• Intensive
• Large scale farming
• Small scale farming
Note: Study each of the above systems under:
- Meaning
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
1.2.4 Methods of farming
• Mixed farming
• Nomadic pastoralism
• Shifting cultivation
• Organic farming
• Agroforestry
Note: Learners should be reminded that any of the above methods can be subsistence or commercial
1.2.5 Roles of agriculture in the economy
• Food supply
• Source of employment
• Foreign exchange earner
• Source of raw materials for industries
• Provision of market for industrial goods
• Source of capital
2.0.0 FACTORS INFLUENCING AGRICULTURE (24 LESSONS)
2.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) explain the human factors influencing agriculture
b) explain biotic factors influencing agriculture
c) explain how climatic factors influence agriculture
d) define soil
e) describe the process of soil formation
1) describe soil profile
g) determine soil constituents
i classify soils by physical characteristics
i) explain chemical properties of soils
j) relate crop and livestock distribution to soils in different regions.
CONTENT:
2.2.1 Human factors
• Levels of education and technology
• Health - HIV/AIDS and health in general
• Economy (include liberalization)
• Transport and communication
• Market forces (local and international)
• Government policy
• Cultural and religious beliefs
2.2.2 Biotic Factors
• Pests
• Parasites
• Decomposers
• Pathogens
• Predators
• Pollinators
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria
2.2.3 Climatic Factors
Rainfall
   - intensity
   - reliability
   - quantity
   - distribution
• Temperature
   - How topography and altitude affect temperature
   - How temperature influences crop and livestock
• Wind
   - Evapotranspiraton
   - Lodging
   - Pollination
   - Seed dispersal
   - Soil erosion (note section 21.2.1) 
• Light
   - Intensity
   - Duration - long, neutral and short day plants
   - Wavelength
Note: Each factor to be discussed with respect to the following:
   - Land potentiality
   - Crop production
   - Livestock production
   - Crop and livestock distribution in Kenya
Edaphic factors
• Definition of soil
• Soil formation
• Soil profile
   - Definition
   - Characteristics of different soil layers
   - Difference between soil formed in situ and depositions
   - Soil depth and its influence on crop production
• Soil constituents
   - Constituents (demonstrate presence of each)
   - importance of each constituent
• Physical properties of soil
i) Soil structure
   - Definition
   - Types
   - Influence on crop production
ii) Soil texture
   - definition
   - soil textural classification_
   - influences on crop growth and production, porosity, capillarity, drainage and water retention capacity.
iii) Soil colour
Chemical properties of soil
- Soil pH
- pH influence on crop growth and production
- Effects of pH on mineral availability.

3.0.0 FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT (7 LESSONS)
3.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) identify various farm tools and equipment
b) name parts of various farm tools and equipment
c) describe the use of various tools and equipment
d) carry out maintenance practices on tools and equipment
e) demonstrate an appreciation for care and maintenance of tools.
CONTENT:
3.2.1 Garden tools and equipment
3.2.2 Workshop tools and equipment
• Woodwork tools and equipment
• Metalwork tools and equipment
3.2.3 Livestock production tools and equipment
3 2 4 Plumbing tools and equipment
3.2.5 Masonry tools and equipment
Note: Study the above tools under the following headings:
   - Name and uses
   - Parts and uses
   - Maintenance practices
Note: (see Appendix I for list of tools and equipment to be studied).

4.0.0 CROP PRODUCTION I (LAND PREPARATION) (7 LESSONS)
4.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) explain the importance of land preparation
b) describe the various types of cultivation
c) relate each cultivation operation to correct tools and or implements
d) prepare a piece of land ready for crop production.
CONTENT:
4.2.1 Land preparation
    Definition
    Importance
4.2.2 Operations in land preparation
    Clearing land before cultivation
   - Importance (include clearing as a method of land reclamation)
   - Methods and equipment
    Primary cultivation
   - Definition and importance Timing
   - Choice of tools and implements
    Secondary cultivation
   - Definition and importance
   - Number of operations
   - Correct tools and implement for different operations
   - Relating final tilth to the intended planting material
    Tertiary operations
   - Ridging
   - Rolling
   - Levelling
Note: For each type:
   - give reasons
   - explain how it is carried out
    Sub-soiling
   - Meaning
   - Importance
   - Equipment used
4.2.3 Minimum tillage
    Definition
    Importance
    Practices.

5.0.0 WATER SUPPLY, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE (10 LESSONS)
5.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) state the sources of water for the farm
b) describe collection, storage, pumping, and conveyance of water;
c) describe water treatment and explain its importance
d) define irrigation
e) explain the importance of irrigation
f) describe methods of irrigating land
g) list the equipment used in irrigation
h) grow a crop through irrigation
i) carry out maintenance on irrigation equipment and facilities
j) define drainage
k) explain the importance of drainage
I) describe the methods of drainage
m) explain how agricultural activities pollute water and how this can be prevented
n) demonstrate an appreciation for clean water in farming and life in general.
5.2.0 Content
5.2.1 Water supply
• Sources of water
• Collection and storage of water
• Pumps and pumping
• Conveyance of water
- Piping: - types of pipes
- Choice of pipes
- Canals
- Transportation in containers
• Water treatment
   -Meaning
   - Methods
   - Importance
• Uses of water on the farm
5.2.2 Irrigation
Definition
• Importance (include irrigation as a method of land reclamation)
• Methods
- surface
- sub-surface
- overhead
- drip
Note: Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each method
• Maintenance practices of each irrigation system
5.2.3 Project on crop production through arty method of irrigation
5.2.4 Drainage
• Definition
• Importance (include as a method of land reclamation)
• Methods of drainage
- Surface
- Sub-surface
- Pumping
- Planting of appropriate trees
5.2.5 Water Pollution
• Meaning
• Agricultural practices that pollute water
• Methods of pollution prevention and control.

6.0.0 SOIL FERTILITY I (ORGANIC MANURES) (6 LESSONS)
6.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define soil fertility
b) explain how soil fertility can be maintained
c) describe how soil loses fertility
d) define and distinguish organic matter, manure and humus
e) explain the importance of organic matter in the soil
0 describe the different organic manures
g) prepare compost manure;
h) demonstrate a caring attitude towards soil.
6.2.1 Soil fertility
• Definition
• How soil loses fertility Maintenance of soil fertility
6.2.2 Organic Manure
• organic matter and humus
• importance of organic matter in the soil
• types of organic manures Green manure
- Farm-yard manure
- Compost manure
Note: For each type, describe its preparation, advantages and disadvantages and use
6.2.3 Compost manure:
• Meaning
• Materials used and materials to avoid
• Preparation methods and procedure
- Heap
- Pit.

7.0.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION I (COMMON BREEDS) (7 LESSONS)
7.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) name various livestock species
b) define the terms livestock, breed and type
c) describe the various breed characteristics
d) state the origin of various livestock breeds
e) classify the various breeds into types name the external parts various livestock specie
g) demonstrate an appreciation of the socio-economic of livestock.
CONTENT:
7.2.1 Importance of livestock
7.2.2 Livestock species Cattle
• Cattle
   - Exotic
   - Indigenous
• Goats
• Sheep
• Pigs
• Poultry (chicken)
• Rabbits
• Camels
Discuss each under the folio
• Breed origin and character Type of each breed
• External parts of each livestock species
• Typical conformation
7.2.3 Terms used to describe livestock in different species by age, se. and use.

8.0.0 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS I (BASIC CONCERPTS AND FARM RECORDS) (7 LESSONS)
8.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define economics and agricultural economics
b) explain basic concepts of economics
c) describe the importance agricultural economics
d) explain the importance of farm records
e) describe the different types of farm records
1) keep farm records.
CONTENT:
8.2.1  Definition
• Economics
• Agricultural Economics
8.2.2 Basic Concepts of Economics
• Scarcity
• Preferences and choice Opportunity cost
8.2.3 Uses of farm records
8.2.4 Types of farm records
• Breeding Feeding
• Production
• Health
• Field operations
• Inventory
• Labour
• Marketing

FORM II  AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS.
9.0.0 Soil Fertility II (Inorganic Fertilizers)  (12 Lessons)
10.0.0 Crop Production II (Planting) (16 Lessons)
11.0.0 Crop Production III (Nursery Practices) (16 Lessons)
12.0.0  Crop Production IV (Field Practices)  (14 Lessons)
13.0.0 Crop Production V (Vegetables) (16 Lessons)
14.0.0 Livestock Health I (Introduction)  (16 Lessons)
15.0.0 Livestock Health II (Parasites) (16 Lessons)
16.0.0 Livestock Production II (Nutrition) (12 Lessons)
Agriculture Encyclopaedia
9.0.0 SOIL FERTILITY II (INORGANIC FERTILIZERS) (12 LESSONS)
9.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) list the essential elements
b) classify the essential elements
c) state the role of each macro- nutrient
d) describe the deficiency symptoms of the macro-nutrients
e) identify and classify fertilizers describe the properties of various fertilizers
g) describe soil sampling and testing procedures
h) use appropriate methods of fertilizer application
i) ca1culate fertilizer application rates
j) explain how soil acidity and alkalinity affect crop production.
CONTENT:
9.2.1 Essential elements
    Macro-nutrients
- carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- fertilizer elements (N, P, K)
- liming elements (Ca, Mg, S)
    Role of macro-nutrients in plant growth
    Deficiency symptoms of macro-nutrients in crops
    Micro-nutrients
9.2.2 Inorganic fertilizers
    Classification of fertilizers
    Identification of fertilizers
    Properties of fertilizers
    Methods of fertilizer application
    Determination of fertilizer rates
9.2.3 Soil sampling
    Meaning
    Soil sampling methods and procedures
    Sites to avoid
    Preparation and Procedure of sending soil for testing
9.2.4 Soil testing
    Meaning
    Importance
    Testing for pH
    How soil pH affects crop production
Note: Learners to make a table showing optimum pH range for various crops with the help of the teacher.
10.0.0 CROP PRODUCTION II (PLANTING) (16 LESSONS)
10.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) state the correct planting materials for various crops
b) select and prepare planting materials
c) determine the optimum time of planting
d) state the factors which determine the depth of planting
e) describe the planting procedures for different crops
f) state the factors that determine seed rate, spacing and plant population
g) calculate plant population
h) demonstrate an appreciation for economical use of land.
CONTENT:
10.2.1 Types of planting materials
    Seeds
   - Description
   -Advantages
   - Disadvantages
    Vegetative materials
   - Description
   - Advantages
   - Disadvantages
    Plant parts used for vegetative propagation
   - Slips
   - Splits
   - Bulbils
   - Crowns
   - Suckers
   - Tubers
   - Vines
   - Cuttings and setts
10.2.2 Selection of planting materials Suitability to ecological conditions (use maize hybrids and coffee varieties as examples)
    Purity
    Germination percentage
    Certified seeds
10.2.3 Preparation of planting materials
    Breaking dormancy
    Disease and pest control/seed dressing
    Seed innoculation
    Chitting
Note: Give appropriate crop for each Practice
10.2.4 Planting
    Timing
   -Factors to consider
   -Advantages of timely planting
    Methods of planting
   - Broadcasting
   - Row planting
   - Oversowing (refer to pastures- 25.2.1)
   -Undersowing
Note: Give appropriate crop for each method
10.2.5 Plant population
    spacing
          - factors to consider
    seedrates
         - factors to consider
    calculation of plant population
10.2.6 Depth of planting
    factors to consider
Note: Learners should:
          - carry out the above practices
         - develop a table showing spacing for different local crops
11.0.0 CROP PRODUCTION III (NURSERY PRACTICES) (16 LESSONS)
11.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) describe a nursery bed
b) distinguish between a nursery bed, a seedling bed and a seed bed
c) state the importance of a nursery bed
d) select a suitable site for a nursery
e) prepare a nursery bed fl manage a nursery bed
g) transplant crops from a nursery
h) bud a seedling
i) graft a seedling
j) explain the importance, budding, grafting, layering and tissue culture
k) describe damage caused by animals on tree seedlings and how to prevent it.
11.2.1 Nursery bed
    Definition
    Difference between a nursery bed, seedling bed and a seed bed
    Importance
    Site selection
    Nursery establishment
   i) Vegetable nursery
   ii) Tree nursery
   iii) Vegetative propagation nursery (tea as an example)
    use of sleeves and other innovations for growing young plants
    making and using seedling boxes for growing young plants
    reparation of rooting medium
    preparation of cuttings
11.2.2 Routine management in raising seedlings
    Seed drilling
    Mulching
    Watering
    Shading
    Pricking out
     Hardening off
    Weed control
    Pest control
    Disease control
11.2.3 Budding
    Meaning
    Methods and procedure
    Appropriate plants
    Appropriate tools and materials
Note: Learners to practice budding of orange scions on lemon root-stocks or other appropriate plants.
11.2.4 Grafting
    Meaning
    Methods and procedure
    Appropriate plants
    Appropriate tools and materials
Note: Learners to practice grafting on appropriate fruit trees importance of budding and grafting
11.2.5 Importance of budding and grafting
11.2.6 Layering
    Methods
    Importance
    Appropriate crops/plants for layering
    Materials used in layering
11.2.7 Tissue culture for crop propagation
11.2.8 Transplanting of vegetable seedlings from nursery to seedbed
    Timing
    Procedure and precautions
11.2.9 Transplanting of tree seedlings
    Timing
    Digging appropriate holes
    Planting including firming and watering
    Protecting the seedlings after transplanting
- Shading
- Damage caused by animals on tree seedlings and how to prevent it.
12.0.0 CROP PRODUCTION IV (FIELD PRACTICES)(14 LESSONS)
12.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define crop rotation
b) state the importance of crop rotation
c) draw a crop rotation programme
d) distinguish terms used in crop farming
e) state the importance of mulching in crop production
f) describe the importance of various field practices in crop production
g) carry out various field practices
h) state the correct stage for harvesting various crops
i) describe harvesting practices for various crops.
12.1.0 Specific Objectives
12.2.1 Crop rotation
    Definition
    Importance
    Factors influencing crop rotation
    Rotational programmes
12.2.2 Terms used in crop production
    Monocropping
    Intercropping Mixed cropping
12.2.3 Mulching
    Meaning
    Importance Types of mulching materials
   - organic
   - inorganic
    Advantages and disadvantages of mulching materials
12.2.4 Routine field practices
    Thinning
    Rogueing
    Gapping
    Training/staking/propping
    Pruning:
   i) Tea - table formation and maintenance
   ii) Coffee
      - single and multiple stem.
      -capping
      -de-suckering
      -changing cycles
   (iii) Banana stool management
   (iv) Pyrethrum
-   cutting back
    Earthing up
    Crop protection:
   - Weed control
   - Pests and disease control (see unit 22 and 23)
Note: Study each of the above under
   - Importance
   - Timing
   - Appropriate crops
12.2.5 Harvesting
    Stage and timing of harvesting
    Methods of harvesting
    Precautions during harvesting
12,.2.6 Post - harvest practices
    Threshing/shelling
    Drying
    Cleaning
    Sorting and grading
    Dusting
    Packaging
12.2.7  Storage
    Importance
    Types of storage
    Preparation of store .

13.0.0 CROP PRODUCTION V (VEGETABLES) (16 LESSONS)
13.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) grow a vegetable crop from nursery establishment to harvesting
b) keep crop production records
c) market farm produce
d) demonstrate an appreciation of agriculture as an economically lucrative activity. 
13.2.1 Vegetable crops
    Tomatoes - use varieties that require pruning and staking.
    Carrots
    Onions
    Cabbages/kales
Note:
- Each student should grow at least one of the above crops keeping all the necessary records
- The teacher should organise the class in such a way that there are
students growing each of the crops
- Class discussions should be organised so that students tell and demonstrate to each other their work in the different vegetable crops. Discussion may be held at the crop plots for students to observe.
- The teacher may organise common nurseries for students growing tomatoes, cabbages/kales and onions. However, all students should actively participate in all nursery establishment and management practices.
- Topics 12.00 and 13.00 should be carried out concurrently as theory and practical.
14.0.0 LIVESTOCK HEALTH I (INTRODUCTION TO LIVESTOCK HEALTH) (8 LESSONS)
14.1.0 Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define health and disease
b) describe signs of sickness in animals
c) state the predisposing of livestock diseases
d) categorize animal diseases
e) carry out disease control practices
f) state the importance of maintaining livestock healthy
g) demonstrate a caring attitude towards livestock.
14.2.1 Health and disease Definitions
• Definitions
• Importance of keeping livestock healthy
• Pre-disposing factors of livestock diseases
• Signs of ill -health in livestock
14.2.2 Classification of livestock diseases by cause
14.2.3 General methods of disease control
14.2.4 Appropriate methods of handling livestock.
15.0.0 LIVESTOCK HEALTH II (PARASITES) (16 LESSONS)
15.1.0 Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) describe host-parasite relationship
b) identify different parasites
c) describe the life-cycle of parasites
d) explain methods of parasite control in livestock.
15.2.1 Host - parasite relationship
    effects of parasites on hosts
15.2.2 External parasites
    Ticks
    Tsetse flies
    Mites
    Lice
    Fleas Keds
15.2.3 Internal parasites
    Roundworms (Ascaris spp)
    Tapeworms (Taenia spp)
    Flukes (Fasciola spp)
Note:
    The parasites in 15.2.2 and
15.2.3 should be studied under the following:
   i) Identification
   ii) Livestock species attacked
   iii) Part(s) of livestock attacked or inhabited and mode of feeding
   iv) Signs and symptoms of attack
    Describe the life cycles of the following:
 i) Roundworm (Ascaris spp.)
ii) Tapeworm (Taenia spp)
iii) Liver Fluke (Fasciola spp.)
iv) Ticks, appropriate examples of:
- one - host
- two - host
- three - host
Note:
    Indicate whether soft or hard tick
    State methods of parasite control giving appropriate example of a parasite for each method. 
16.0.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION II (NUTRITION) (12 LESSONS)
16.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) identify and classify livestock feeds
b) describe digestion and digestive systems of cattle pig and poultry
c) define terms used to express feed values
d) compute a livestock ration
e) prepare balanced ration for various livestock
f) demonstrate a caring attitude towards livestock.
l6.2.1 Livestock nutrition
    Feeds and Feeding
   - Identification
   - classification of feeds
   - Terms used in expressing feed values
   - Computation of livestock rations
   - Preparation of livestock rations
    Digestive systems.
   - Ruminant (cattle)
   - Non-ruminant (pig and poultry)
    Digestion in cattle, pig and poultry
16.2.2 Appropriate livestock handling techniques while feeding.
FORM III AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS
17.0.0 Livestock Production (Selecting and Breeding) (12 Lessons)
18.0.0 Livestock Production (Livestock Rearing) (10 Lessons)
19.0.0 Farm Structures (18 Lessons)
20.0.0  Agricultural Economics II (Land Tenure and Land Reform) (20 Lessons)
21.0.0 Soil and Water Conservation (19 Lessons)
22.0.0 Weeds and Weed Control  (15 Lessons)
23.0.0 Crop Pests and Diseases (14 Lessons)
24.0.0 Crop Productivity VI (Field Practices II) (17 Lessons)
25.0.0  Forage Crops (9 Lessons)
26.0.0 Livestock Health III (Diseases) (20 Lessons)
Agriculture Encyclopaedia.
17.0.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION III (SELECTION AND BREEDING) (12 LESSONS)
17.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a) describe reproduction and
b) reproductive systems.
c) select breeding stock
d) describe breeding systems
e) identify signs of heat in livestocK
f) describe methods used in serving livestock
g) demonstrate a caring attitude towards livestock.
17.2.1 Reproduction and reproductive systems.
    Cattle
    Poultry
17.2.2 Selection:
    meaning
    Factors to consider in selecting a breeding stock
   - Cattle
   - Sheep
   - Goats
   - Pigs
   - Camels Methods of selection
   - mass selection
   - contemporary comparison
   - progeny testing
17.2.3 Breeding
    Meaning
    Terms used in breeding
   - Dominant and recessive genes
   - Heterosis (hybrid vigour)
   - Epistasis
    Breeding systems
   - Cross-breeding
   - Up-grading
   - Inbreeding
   - Line breeding
   - Out-crossing
Note: Discuss under the headings:
- Definition
- Advantages
-Disadvantages
17.2.4 Signs of heat in:
    Cattle
    Pig
    Rabbits
Note: Study the oestrus cycle of each of the above
17.2.5 Methods of service in livestock
    Natural mating
    Artificial insemination
    Embryo transplant
Note: Discuss advantages and disadvantages of each.
17.2.6 Signs of parturition
    Cattle
    Pigs
    Rabbits
Note: Learners to handle livestock in appropriate caring manner.
18.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a) describe livestock rearing practices
b) earn out livestock rearing practices
c) demonstrate a caring attitude towards livestock.
18.2.1 Routine livestock rearing practices
    Feeding practices
- Flushing
- Steaming up
- Creep feeding
    Parasites and disease control practices
    Vaccination
    Deworming
    Hoof trimming
    Docking
    Dipping/spraying
    Dusting
    Breeding practices
   - Crutching
   - Tupping and serving
   - Raddling
   - Ringing
    Identification
    Debeaking
    Tooth clipping
    Culling: Describe general methods and carry out
practicals on:
   - Cattle
   - Poultry
    Dehorning
    Shearing
    Castratio
   - open
   - closed
   - caponization
    Management during parturation:
   - Pigs
   - Cattle
   - Sheep
   - Goats
   - Rabbits
18.2.2 Bee Keeping (Apiculture)
    Importance
    Colony
    Siting of the apiary and hive
    Stocking the bee hive
    Management:
      - Feeding
      - Predator and pest control
    Honey harvesting and processing
18.2.3 Fish Farming (aquaculture)
    Importance
    Types of fish kept in farm ponds
    Management
    Harvesting
    Processing and preservation
18.2.4 Appropriate handling of livestock during routine management.
19.0.0 FARM STRUCTURES (18 LESSONS)
19.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of this topic, the learner should be able to:
a) describe parts of a building
b) identify materials for construction
c) describe various farm structures and their uses
d) describe siting of various structures
e) construct and maintain farm structures.
19.2.1 Farm buildings and structures
    Siting
    Parts of a building
      - Foundation
      - Wall
      - Floor
      - Roof
19.2.2 Livestock buildings and structures
    Crushes
    Dips
    Spray race.
20.0.0 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS II (LAND TENURE AND LAND REFORM) (8 LESSONS)
20.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define the term tenure
b) describe tenure systems
c) describe land reforms.
20.2.1 Land tenure
    definition
    tenure systems 
   i) individual
      - Types
      - Advantages and disadvantages
   ii) collective
      - Description
      - Advantages
      - Disadvantages
20.2.2 Land reforms
    Definition
    Types of reform and reasons for each
      - Fragmentation
      - Consolidation
      - Adjudication
      - Registration (Emphasize the importance of a title deed)
      - Settlement and resettlement.
21.0.0 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION (19 LESSONS)
21.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define soil erosion
b) explain the various factors that influence erosion
c) list the agents of erosion
d) describe the various types of erosion
e) describe various methods of erosion control
f) demonstrate a caring attitude towards soil and water
g) carry out soil erosion control measures
h) describe water harvesting and conservation techniques
i) describe micro-catchments and their uses.
j) Design and construct a micro-catchment
21.2.1 Soil erosion
    Definition
    Factors influencing erosion 
   - Land use and ground cover
   - Topography - gradient and length of slope (horizontal and vertical intervals)
   - Soil type and condition (Erodability)
   - Rainfall intensity (Erosivity)
    Agents of erosion
   - Water
   - Wind
   - Human beings
   - Animals
    Types of erosion
   i) Splash/rain drop
   ii) Sheet
   iii) Rill
   iv) Gully
      - gully formation
      - types of gullies
   v) Riverbank
   vi) Solifluction
   vii) Landslides
    Soil erosion control
   (i) Biological/cultural control
      - Grass strips
      - Cover crops
      - Grassed waterways
      - Contour farming and strip cropping
      - Mulching
      - Afforestation/reafforestation
   (ii) Physical/structural controls
      - Stone lines
      - Filters/strip
      - Trashlines
      - Terraces - level, graded, broad, based, narrow- based, bench, fanya juu, fanya chini.
      - Bunds
      - Cut-off- drains/Diversion ditches
      - Gabions/porous dams
      - Ridging
 21.2.2  Water harvesting
    Roof catchment
    Rock catchment
    Weirs and dams
    Ponds
    Retention ditches/Level terraces
21.2.3 Micro- Catchments
    Types
    Laying out and construction methods
    Uses
Note
- A local soil conservation officer to be contacted for necessary tools and demonstration of skills in establishing level and graded terraces
- Learners to practice using levelling boards, line and spirit level to develop conservation structures.
- Learners to carry out soil and water conservation work in and or out of school wherever appropriate.
22.0.0 WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL (15 LESSONS)
22.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define a weed
b) identify& weeds
c) classify weeds
d) explain the characteristics which make the weeds competitive
e) describe ways of controlling weeds
f) state harmful effects of weeds
g) control weeds
h) exercise safety measures to oneself, to crops and to the environment while rolling weeds.
22.2.1 Weeds
    Definition of weed
    Weed identification and classification competitive ability of weeds (Appropriate examples for each ability)
    Harmful effects of weeds (appropriate examples for each effect) (See Appendix II for weeds to be studied)
22.2.2 Weed control methods
    Chemical weed control:
   - Classes of herbicides
   - Methods of application
   - Safety measures in use of chemicals
    Mechanical weed control
    Cultural weed control
    Biological weed control
    Legislative control
3.0.0 CROP PESTS AND DISEASES(14 LESSONS)
23.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define pest and disease
b) state the main causes of crop diseases
c) describe the harmful effects of crop pests and diseases
d) identify and classify some of the common pests and diseases
e) carry out general disease and pest control measures
f) demonstrate a caring attitude towards the environment while controlling pests and diseases.
23.2.1 Pests
    Definition
    Classification of pests:
   - Mode of feeding
   - Crops attacked
   - Stage of growth of crop attacked
   - Field and storage pests
     Identification of common pests
     Harmful effects of pests
    Pest control measures
23.2.2 Diseases
    Definition
    Classification of diseases according to cause
    Identification of common diseases
    Disease control
    Harmful effects of diseases
    Disease control measures (see appendices Ill and IV for pests and diseases to be studied)
Note: Remind learners of safety in mixing, using and storing of chemicals including container disposal as in unit 2200).
24.0.0 CROP PRODUCTIVITY IV (FIELD PRACTICES II) (17 LESSONS)
24.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) describe management practices in crop production
b) carry out management practices for a given crop
c) demonstrate an appreciation of agriculture as an economically lucrative activity.
24.2.1 Production of
(a) Maize/millet/sorghum
(b) Beans
Discuss under the following:-
    Meaning of hybrids, composites and cultivars
    Selecting best hybrids, composites or cultivars for a given climatic region.
    Raising of a maize/sorghum /millet and bean crop from seed bed preparation to harvesting
    Keeping records in production of maize/sorghum/millet and beans
24.2.2 Rice production
    Land preparation
    Water control
    Use of flooding in rice field
    Fertilizer application
    Weed control
24.2.3 Harvesting of the following crops :
    Cotton
    Pyrethrum
    Sugarcane
    Tea
    Coffee
 Under  the following
    Stage of harvesting
    Method and procedure of harvesting
    Precautions in harvesting
Note:
Compare cost of production with value of product for maize/sorghum/millet and beans
Discuss why there is a loss or a profit and improvement needed.
25.0.0 FORAGE CROPS (9 LESSONS)
25.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define and classify pastures
b) identify forage crops
c) describe the ecological requirements of forage crops
d) describe the establishment and management of pastures and fodder
e) describe forage utilization and conservation.
25.2.1 Pastures
    Definition
    Classification
    Establishment
    Management
25.2.2 Utilization
    Grazing systems
   - Rotational
   - Herding
    Zero grazing
25.2.3 Fodder crops
    Napier/bana grass
    Guatemala grass
    Sorghum
    Kale
    Edible cana
    Lucerne
    Clovers
    Desmodium
    Manigolds
    Agroforestry trees/bushes used as fodder
Under the following:
- Ecological requirements
- Establishment and management
- Production per unit area
- Utilization
    Hay making
    Silage making
    Standing hay.
26.0.0 LIVESTOCK HEALTH III (DISEASES) (20 LESSONS)
26.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) describe causes and vectors of main livestock diseases
b) state the incubation period of the livestock diseases
c) describe the signs of each disease
d) state the predisposing factors where applicable
e) carry out simple control measures of livestock diseases
f) demonstrate a caring attitude towards livestock.
26.2.1  Protozoan diseases
    East coast fever
    Anaplasmosis
    Coccidiosis
    Trypanosomiasis (Nagana)
26.2.2 Bacterial diseases
    Fowl typhoid
    Foot rot
    Contagious abortion (Brucellosis)
    Scours
    Black-quarter
    Mastitis
    Anthrax
    Pneumonia
26.2.3  Viral diseases
    Rinderpest
    Foot and mouth
    Newcastle
    Fowl pox
    Gumboro
    African Swine fever
26.2.4 Nutritional diseases
    Milk fever
    Bloat
The above diseases should be studied under the following:
    Animal species attacked
    Cause/causal organism/agent and or vector
    Predisposing factors (where applicable)
    Incubation period (where applicable)
    Signs and symptoms of disease
    Simple control measures of the diseases
Note
- Learners to exercise care and use appropriate livestock handling practices
- Exercise care not to pollute the environment with chemicals.
FORM IV AGRICULTURE SYLLABUS.
27.0.0 Livestock Production V (Poultry) (25 Lessons)
28.0.0 Livestock Production VI (Cattle) (16 Lessons)
29.0.0 Farm Power and Machinery (18 Lessons)
30.0.0 Agricultural Economics III (Production Economics) (20 Lessons)
31.0.0 Agricultural Economics IV (Farm Accounts) (10 Lessons)
32.0.0 Agricultural Economics V(Agricultural Marketing and Organisations) (10 Lessons)
33.0.0 Agroforestry  (10 Lessons)
Agriculture Encyclopaedia.
27.0.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION V (POULTRY) (25 LESSONS)
27.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) identify parts of an egg
b) select eggs for incubation
c) identify suitable sources of chicks
d) describe broodiness and natural brooding
e) describe brooder and brooder management
f) describe conditions necessary for artificial incubation
g) describe rearing systems
h) describe the feeding for each age and category of poultry
i) identify stress and vices
j) state the causes of stress and vices in poultry
k) state the effects of vices and stress in poultry
I) state control measures of vices and stress
m) describe marketing of eggs and poultry meat
n) select, sort and grade eggs for marketing
o) demonstrate an appreciation of poultry production as an economically lucrative activity.
27.2.1 Parts of an egg
27.2.2 Incubation
    Meaning
    Selection of eggs for incubation
    Natural incubation
   - Signs of broodiness in poultry
   - Preparation and management of natural incubation
    Artificial incubation
   - Management of the incubator
27.2.3 Sources of chicks
27.2.4 Brooding
    Meaning
    Natural brooding
    Artificial brooding
   - Brooder and brooder management
   - Conditions
   - Equipment
   - Management of:
      i) layers
      ii) broilers
27.2.5 Rearing systems
    Extensive 
           -Free range
    Semi - intensive
              - Fold system
    Intensive
   - Deep litter
   - Battery cage system
Note: Include advantages and disadvantages of each system.
27.2.6  Chicken feeding
    Broilers
    Layers
27.2.7  Stress and vices in chicken.
    Identification
    Causes
    Control
27.2.8  Marketing
    eggs - include, grading of eggs for marketing
    meat.
28.0.0 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION VI (CATTLE) (16 Lessons)
28.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) raise young stock
b) demonstrate a caring attitude towards livestock
c) describe milk by its components
d) describe milk secretion and let - down
e) milk using correct procedure and technique
f) describe marketing of beef cattle and milk
g) Demonstrate an appreciation of cattle production as an economically lucrative activity.
28.2.1 Raising young stock
• Feeding
• Weaning
• Housing
• Routine practices (see unit 18)
28.2.2 Milk and Milking
• Milk composition
• Milk secretion and let down
• Clean milk production
   - Equipment and materials (include milking machine)
   - Cleanliness of the milkman / milkwoman
   - Milking procedure (by hand and by machine
   - Milking techniques
• Dry cow therapy
28.2.3 Marketing of milk
28.2.4 Marketing beef cattle
Note: Learners to exercise care and use appropriate methods in handling livestock
29.0.0 FARM POWER AND MACHINERY (18 LESSONS)
29.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic the learner should be able to:
a) describe various sources of power in the farm
b) describe various systems of a tractor
c) describe the various tractor implements, their uses and maintenance
d) describe the various animal drawn implements, their uses and maintenance
e) describe tractor service and maintenance practices.
29.2.1 Sources of power in the farm
    Human
    Animal
    Wind
    Water
    Biomass
   - Wood/charcoal
   - Biogas
    Fossil fuel
   - Coal
   - Petroleum
   - Natural gas
    Electrical
   - Hydro
   - Geothermal
   - Nuclear
   - Storage battery
    Solar
29.2.2 Tractor Engine
    Four stroke cycle engine
    dieseL
    petrol
    Two stroke cycle engine
29.2.3  Systems of the tractor
    Fuel system
    Electrical
    Ignition
    Cooling
    Lubrication
    Transmission
   - Clutch
   - Gears
   - Differential
   - Final Drive
29.2.4 Tractor service maintenance
29.2.5 Tractor drawn implements, their uses and maintenance.
    Attachment methods
   i) One point hitch
      - draw bar
   ii) Three point hitch
      - hydraulic
   iii) Power take off (PT O)
     Implements
   i) Trailer
   ii) Disc plough
   iii) Mouldboard plough
   iv) Harrows
              - disc
    plain
     notched
      - spike tooth
      - spring tined
   v) Sub - soilers
   vi) Ridgers
    Rotary tillers
    Mowers
   - Gyro
   - Reciprocating
    Planters and seeders
    Cultivators
    Sprayers
    Harvesting machines
   - grain
   - root crops
   - forage
    Shellers
29.2.6 Animal drawn implements, uses and maintenance
• Ploughs
• Carts
• Ridgers
Note : Teacher should use local resources and diagrams. The school does not need to have tractor, tractor drawn implements, animals and animal drawn implements.
30.0.0 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS III (PRODUCTION ECONOMICS) (20 LESSONS)
30.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to;
a) explain various parameters of national development
b) relate national development to agricultural production
c) state the factors of production and explain how each affects production
d) describe how the law of diminishing returns relates to agricultural production
e) describe agricultural planning and budgeting in a farm business state sources of agricultural support services
g) describe risks and uncertainties in farming
h) explain ways of adjusting to risks and uncertainties.
30.2.1  National income
    Household - firm relationship
    Gross Domestic product (GDP)
    Gross National Product (GNP)
    Per Capita Income
    Contribution of agriculture to national development
30.2.2  Factors of production
    Land
   - Definition
   - Methods of acquisition
    Labour
   - Definition
   - Types
   - Measures of labour
   - Ways of increasing labour efficiency
    Capital
   - Definition
   - Types
   - Sources
    Management
   - Definition
   - Role of a farm manager
Note: Emphasize that by law, a Kenyan can acquire land, settle, invest capital or work anywhere within the country.
30.2.3 Production function.
     Increasing returns
    Constant returns
    Decreasing returns
30.2.4  Economic laws and principle
    The law of diminishing returns
    The law of substitution
    The law of equi-marginal returns
    Principle of profit maximization
30.2.5  Farm planning
    meaning
    factors to consider
    steps
30.2.6 Farm budgeting
    Definition
    Importance
    Types
   -. Partial
   - Complete
30.2.7 Agricultural services available to the farmer
30.2.8 Risks and uncertainties in farming
    Meaning
    Common risks and uncertainties
    Ways of adjusting.
31.0.0 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS IV(FARM ACCOUNTS) (10 LESSONS)
31.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) state the importance of farm accounts
b) distinguish and describe the various financial documents and their uses
c) prepare and analyse financial statements
d) identify various books of accounts and their uses.
31.2.1 Financial documents and books of accounts
    Financial documents
   - Invoices
   - Statements
   - Receipts
   - Delivery notes
   - Purchase orders
    Books of Accounts
   - Ledger
   - Journal
   -Inventory
   -Cash book
31.2.2 Financial statements
    Cash analysts
    Balance sheet
    Profit and loss account.
32.0.0 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS V (AGRICULTURAL MARKETING AND ORGANISATIONS) (10 LESSONS)
32.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define market and marketing
b) describe the various types of markets
c) describe how the law of supply and demand affects the prices of agricultural products
d) state various marketing functions, agents and institutions
e) identify problems in marketing of agricultural products
f) list various agricultural organizations -
g) describe the role of each of the agricultural organizations.
32.2.1 Market and marketing
32.2.2 Types of markets
32.2.3 Demand, supply and price theory
32.2.4 Marketing functions
32.2.5 Problems of marketing agricultural products and possible solutions
32.2.6 Marketing boards, agents and institutions
32.2.7 Co-operatives
• Formation
• Functions
32.2.8 Associations and unions
• Agricultural society of Kenya (ASK)
• Young Farmers Clubs (YFC)
• Kenya National Farmers Union (KNFU)
• Agricultural based Women groups.
33.0.0 AGROFORESTRY (10 LESSONS)
33.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define agro forestry
b) state the importance of agro forestry
c) describe various forms of agro forestry
d) explain the importance of trees
e) select appropriate trees for different uses
f) describe tree nursery management and transplanting
g) explain routine tree management
h) select appropriate sites for trees in the farm and other
i) describe various methods of tree harvesting.
33.2.1 Definition of agro forestry
    forms of agro forestry
33.2.2 Importance of agro forestry
33.2.3 Importance of trees and shrubs
    important trees and shrubs particular purposes
    Trees and shrubs to avoid at certain sites and reasons
33.2.4  Tree nursery
    types of nurseries
    seed collection and preparation
    nursery management
    transplanting
Note: Refer to 11.00 nursery practices
33.2.5 Care and management of trees
    Protection
    Pruning and training
    Grafting old trees
33.2.6 Agro forestry practices
    Alley cropping
    Multi-storey cropping
    Woodlots in farms
33.2.7 Sites for agro forestry trees
    Boundaries
    Riverbanks
    Terraces
    Slopes
    Homestead
33.2.8 Tree harvesting methods.