KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
BIOLOGY CURRICULUM
Introduction
General Objectives
Form One Biology
Form Two Biology
Form Three Biology
Form Four Biology
Suggested Assessment Methods
Biology Encyclopedia.
KCSE BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
INTRODUCTION
The study of Biology aims at equipping the learner with the knowledge, attitudes and skills necessary for controlling and preserving the environment. The subject enables the leaner to appreciate humans as part of the broader community of living organisms. This subject is important in fields such as health, agriculture, environment and education. Biology is the precursor of biotechnology which is a tool for industrial and technological development.
The content has been carefully reorganized to ensure that the required concepts and skills are realized. Sufficient practical activities have been suggested. These should be taught alongside the respective content rather than being treated as a separate entity. It is recommended that the teachers use discovery method in achieving the objectives of this subject. Most of the apparatus, chemicals and equipment required for practical activities are affordable. However, the teacher is highly encouraged to improvise using locally available materials to reduce costs.
Contemporary issues such as HIV/AIDS, STIs, drug abuse and environmental pollution which have an impact on the learner’s life have been incorporated for study.
The current system of using five kingdoms in classification has been adapted instead of the traditional two kingdom system.
It is envisaged that this syllabus should be adequately covered within the allocated time. A suggested guideline on time allocation per topic has been provided to help the teacher in lesson planning. This however, can be adjusted to meet the requirements of the individual class.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
By the end of the course, the learner should be able to
1)      communicate biological information in a precise, clear and logical manner
2)      develop an understanding of interrelationships between plants and animals and between. humans and their environment
3)      apply the knowledge gained to improve and maintain the health of the individual, family and the community
4)      relate and apply relevant biological knowledge and understanding to social and economic situations in rural and urban settings
5)      observe and identify features of familiar and unfamiliar organisms, record the observation and make deductions about the functions of parts of organisms
6)      develop positive attitudes and interest towards biology and the relevant practical skills
7)      demonstrate resourcefulness, relevant technical skills and scientific thinking necessary for economic development
8)      design and carry out experiments and projects that will enable them understand biological concepts
9)      create awareness of the value of cooperation in solving problems
 acquire a firm foundation of relevant knowledge, skills and attitudes for further education and for training in related scientific fields.
KCSE - FORM I BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
1.0.0 Introduction to Biology  (5 Lessons)
2.0.0 Classification I (12 Lessons)
3.0.0 The Cell (20 Lessons)
4.0.0  Cell Physiology (20 Lessons)
5.0.0 Nutrition in Plants and Animals (59 Lessons)
1.0.0 INTRODUCTION (5 Lessons)
1.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define biology
b) list branches of biology
c) explain the importance of biology
d) state the characteristics of living organisms
e) state the main differences between plants and animals.
CONTENT:
1.2.1 Definition of biology
1.2.2 Branches of biology
1.2.3 Importance of biology
1.2.4 Characteristics of living organisms
1.2.5 Cornparison between plants and animals
1.3.0 Practical Activities
1.3.1 Collecting, observing and recording external features of plants and animals.
2.0.0 CLASSIFICATION (12 Lessons)
2.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a)      use the magnifying lens to observe the external features of plants and animals
b)      record observations of the main external characteristics of living organisms, preserved specimens and photographs
c)      state the necessity and significance of classification
d)      name the major units of classification
e)      state the application of Binomial nomenclature in naming organisms. 
CONTENT:
2.2.1 Review the use of magnifying lens
2.2.2 External features of plants and animals
2.2.3 Necessity and significance of classification
2.2.4    Major units of classification: (naming)
    Kingdoms
- Monera
- protoctista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia (At least one example of each)
    For kingdom plantae and animalia, cover phylum/division, class, order, family, genus and species. Show relationship between the taxonomic units (Give at least one example of each taxon)
2.2.5 Discussion on Binomial nomenclature 
2.3.0 Practical activities
2.3.1 Use of collecting nets, cutting instruments and hand lens.
Collection and detailed observation of:
- small animals e.g. insects
- plants - rhizoids, root systems (taproot, fibrous and adventitious), stems and leaves.
3.0.0 THE CELL (20 LESSONS)
3.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define the cell
b) state the purpose of a light microscope
c) identify the parts of a light microscope and state their functions
d) use and care for the light microscope and state the magnification
e) identify the components of a cell as seen under the light and electron microscopes and relate their structure to functions
f) compare plant and animal
g) mount and stain temporary slides of plant cells
h) describe animal cells as observed from permanent
i) estimate cell size
j) state the differences between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems.
CONTENT:
.2.1 Definition of the cell
3.2.2 Structure and functions of parts of a light microscope
3.2.3 Use and care of the light microscope
3.2.4 Cell structure and functions as seen under
    a light microscope
    an electron microscope
3.2.5 Preparation of temporary slides of plant cells
3.2.6 Estimation of cell size
3.2.7 Cell specialization, tissues, organs and organ systems
3.3.1 Observe, identify, draw and state the functions of parts of the light microscope
3.3.2 Prepare and observe temporary slides of plant cells
3.3.3 Observe permanent slides of animal cells
3.3.4 Comparison between plant and animal cells
3.3.5    Observe, estimate size and calculate magnification of plant cells.
4.0.0 CELL PHYSIOLOGY (20 LESSONS)
4.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) define cell physiology
b) correlate the membrane structure with cell physiology in relation to permeability
c) differentiate between diffusion, osmosis and active transport
d) state and describe factors affecting diffusion, osmosis and active transport
e) carry out experiments on diffusion and osmosis
f) explain the roles of diffusion, osmosis and active transport in living organisms
g) explain turgor and plasmolysis in terms of osmotic pressure
CONTENT:
4.2.1 Meaning of cell physiology
4.2.2 Structure and properties of cell membrane (Theories of membrane structure not required)
4.2.3 Physiological processes - diffusion, osmosis and active transport
4.2.4 Factors affecting diffusion, osmosis and active transport
4.2.5 Role of diffusion, osmosis and active transport in living organisms
4.2.6 Water relations in plant and animal cells: turgor, plasmolysis, wilting and haemolysis
4.3.0 Practical Activities
4.3.1 Diffusion as demonstrated with Potassium permanganate or potassium iodide/flower dyes/coloured plant extracts/smoke
4.3.2 Experiments with visking tubing and living tissues: fresh arrow roots/cassava/sweet potatoes/leaf petioles/irish potatoes/carrots
4.3.3 Plasmolysis can be demonstrated by using any of the following: spirogyra,  epidermal cells of onion or raw egg that has been put in dilute hydrochloric acid overnight.
5.0.0 NUTRITION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (59 LESSONS)
5.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  a) define nutrition and state its importance in living organisms
  b) differentiate various modes of feeding
  c) describe photosynthesis and show its importance in nature
  d) explain how the leaf is adapted to photosynthesis
  e) explain the factors affecting photosynthesis
  f) distinguish between carbohydrates proteins and lipids
  g) state the importance of various chemical compounds in plants and animals
  h) explain the properties and functions of enzymes
  i) relate various types of teeth in mammals to their feeding habits
  j) differentiate between omnivorous, carnivorous and herbivorous modes of feeding
  k) relate the structures of the mammalian (human) alimentary canal to their functions
  i) explain the role of enzymes in digestion in a mammal (human)
  m) explain the factors that determine energy requirements in humans.
CONTENT:
5.2.1 Meaning, importance and types of nutrition
5.2.2 Nutrition in plants (autotrophism)
    Definition of photosynthesis and its importance in nature
    Adaptations of leaf to photosynthesis
    Structure and function of chloroplast
 Process of photosynthesis - light and dark stages (omit details of electron transport system and chemical details of carbon dioxide fixation)
    Factors influencing photosynthesis
- light intensity
- carbon dioxide concentration
- water
- temperature
5.2.3 Chemical compounds which constitute living organisms
    Chemical composition and functions of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (omit details of chemical structure of these compounds and mineral salts in plant nutrition).
    Properties and functions of enzymes (omit lock and key hypothesis)
5.2.4 Nutrition in Animals (heterotrophism)
    Meaning and types of heterotrophism
    Modes of feeding in animals
    Dentition of a named carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous mammal
    Adaptation of the three types of dentition to feeding
    Internal structure of mammalian teeth
    Common dental diseases, their causes and treatment
5.2.5 Digestive system and digestion in a mammal (human)
    Digestive system, regions, glands and organs associated with digestion
    Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion
5.2.6 Importance of vitamins, mineral salts, roughage and water in human nutrition
5.2.7 Factors determining energy requirements in humans 
5.3.0 Practical activities
5.3.1 Carry out experiments on factors affecting photosynthesis
5.3.2 Observe stomata distribution
53.3 Carry out food test experiments
5.3.4 Carry out experiments on factors affecting enzymatic activities
5.3.5 Investigate presence of enzymes in living tissues (plants and animals)
5.3.6 Observe, identify, draw and label different types of mammalian teeth
5.3.7 Carry out dissection of a small mammal to observe digestive system and associated organs (demonstration).
     KCSE - FORM II BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
6.0.0 Transport in Plants and Animals (52 Lessons)
7.0.0 Gaseous Exchange  (36 Lessons)
8.0.0 Respiration  (18 Lessons)
9.0.0  Excretion and Homeostasis (42 Lessons)
6.0.0 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS(20 Lessons)
6.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
 a) define transport and explain the necessity of transport in plants and animals
 b) relate the structure of the root, root hair, xylem and phloem to their functions
 c) relate the internal structure of the leaf to transpiration
 d) explain possible forces involved in the movement of water and mineral salts through the plant
 e) explain the significance of and factors affecting transpiration
 f) demonstrate simple experiments on transpiration
 g) distinguish between closed and open circulatory systems
 h) relate the structure of the heart and the blood vessels to their functions
 i) trace the path taken by blood from the heart to all parts of the body, and back to the heart
 j) name the common diseases of the circulatory system in humans and suggest methods of control / prevention
 k) relate the structure of the components of blood to their functions
 I) explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood
 m) describe the mechanism of blood clotting and its importance
 n) describe the human blood groups and their importance in blood transfusion
 o) explain immunity and describe immune responses.
CONTENT:
.2.1 Meaning and importance of transport systems
6.2.2 Absorption of Water and Mineral Salts
    Internal structure of root and root hairs
    Absorption of water
    Active uptake of mineral salts
6.2.3 Transpiration
    Definition of transpiration
    Review of the structure of the leaf
    Structure and function of xylem
    Factors affecting transpiration
    Forces involved in water movement in plants
- Transpiration pull
- Cohesion and adhesion
- Capillarity
- Root pressure
6.2.4 Translocation
    Structure and function of phloem
    Materials translocated (omit mechanisms of translocation)
6.2.5 Comparison between open and closed circulatory system
6.2.6 Mammalian Circulatory System
    Structure and function of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
    Diseases and defects of the circulatory system (Thrombosis, Varicose veins, Arterio-sclerosis) and how to control them.
6.2.7 The Structure and Functions of Blood
    Composition of blood
    Functions of blood plasma
    The structure and functions of ed blood cells and white blood
    Mechanism of blood clotting and its importance
6.2.8 Blood groups (ABO system and the Rhesus factor)
6.2.9 Immune responses
    Natural and artificial immunity
    Allergic reactions
    Importance of vaccinations against diseases (Tuberculosis, Poliomyletis, Measles, Diphtheria, Whooping cough)
 6.3.0 Practical Activities
6.3.1 Observe permanent slides of sections of stems and roots
6.3.2 Carry out experiments to compare transpiration on lower and upper leaf surfaces
6.3.3 Observe wall charts/models
6.3.4 Analyse data on transpiration rate under different environmental conditions in Plants
6.3.5 Dissect a small mammal and observe its transport system (demonstration)
6.3.6 Make a longitudinal section of the mammalian heart to display the chambers and associated blood vessels
6.3.7 Record pulse rate at the wrist before and after vigorous activities and analyse the results
6.3.8 Demonstrate the unidirectional flow of blood in the cutaneous veins of the fore arm.
7.0.0 GASEOUS EXCHANGE (36 LESSONS)
7.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
 a) explain the need for gaseous exchange in living organisms
 b) explain the mechanism of gaseous exchange in plants
 c) compare the internal structures of aquatic and terrestrial roots, stems and leaves
 d) examine various types of respiratory structures in animals and relate them to their functions
 e) state the characteristics of respiratory surfaces
 f) describe the mechanisms of gaseous exchange in protozoa, insects, fish, frog and mammal
 g) describe the factors which control the rate of breathing in humans
 h) state the causes, symptoms and prevention of respiratory diseases.
CONTENT:
7.2.1 Gaseous exchange in living organisms (necessity)
7.2.2 Gaseous Exchange in Plants
    Mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata
    The process of gaseous exchange in root, stem and leaves of both aquatic (floating) and terrestrial plants
7.2.3 Gaseous Exchange in Animals
    Types and Characteristics of Respiratory Surfaces - cell membrane, gills, buccal cavity, skin and lungs
    Mechanism of gaseous exchange in
-         Protozoa - amoeba
-         Insect – grasshopper
-         Fish – bonyfish
-         Amphibia – frog
-         Mammal - human
7.2.4 Factors affecting rate of breathing in humans
7.2.5 Respiratory diseases: Asthma, Bronchitis, Pulmonary tuberculosis, Pneumonia and whooping cough
7.3.0 Practical Activities
7.3.1 Observe permanent slides of cross- sections of aerial and aquatic leaves and stems
7.3.2 Examine the distribution of spiracles on grasshopper or locust
7.3.3 Examine the gills of a bony fish
7.3.4 Dissect a small mammal and identify the structures of the respiratory system (demonstration) Construct and use models to demonstrate breathing mechanisms in a mammal (human) Demonstrate the effect of exercise on the rate of breathing.
8.0.0 RESPIRATION (18 LESSONS)
8.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
 a) explain the significance of respiration in living organisms
 b) distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
 c) describe the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in industry and at home
 d) describe experiments to show that respiration takes place in plants and animals.
CONTENT:
8.2.1 Meaning and significance of respiration
8.2.1 Tissue respiration
    Mitochondrion - structure and function
    Aerobic respiration (Details of  kreb’s cycle not required)
    Anaerobic respiration in plants and animals, the products and by-products
    Application of anaerobic respiration in industry and at home
    Compare the energy output of aerobic and anaerobic respiration 
8.3.0 Practical Activities
8.3.1 Carry out experiments to Investigate
    The gas produced when food is burnt
    The gas produced during fermentation
    Heat production by germinating seeds.
9.0.0 EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS (42 LESSONS)
9.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  a) distinguish between excretion and egestion
  b) explain the necessity for excretion in plants and animals
  c) state the uses of excretory products of plants
  d) describe the methods of excretion in a named unicellular organism
  e) relate the structures of the human skin, lungs, liver and kidney to their functions name common kidney diseases
  g) explain the concept of internal environment and homeostasis
  h) compare responses to changes in temperature by behavioural and physiological methods in animals
  i) relate heat loss to body size in
  j) describe methods by which mammals gain and lose heat
  k) explain how the functions of the following relate to homeostasis - skin, hypothalamus, liver and kidney
  I) discuss the role of antidiuretic hormone, insulin and glucagons
  m) describe simple symptoms of Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes insipidus.
CONTENT:
.2.1 Excretion in Plants
    Methods of excretion in plants
    Useful and harmful excretory products of plants and their economic importance e.g. caffeine in tea and coffee, quinine, tannins, colchicines, cocaine, rubber, gum, papain (from pawpaw) and products of cannabis sativa (bhang) and khat (miraa)
9.2.2    Excretion and homeostasis in Animals
    Distinction between excretion, homeostasis and egestion
    Excretion in a named uni-cellular organism (protozoa)
    Structure and functions of skin and kidney
    Neuro-endocrine system and homeostasis
-         Water balance (blood osmotic pressure)
-         Blood sugar level (control)
-         Temperature regulation (mention the role of hypothalamus)
9.2.3 Common kidney diseases, their symptoms and possible methods of prevention and control
9.2.4 The role of the skin in thermoregulation, salt and water balance.
9.2.5 Major functions of the liver and their contributions to homeostasis
9.2.6 Common diseases of the liver, their symptoms and possible methods of prevention/control
9.3.0 Practical Activities
9.3.1 Examine and draw the mammalian kidney
9.3.2 Make vertical sections of the kidney to identify cortex and medulla
9.3.3 Observe permanent slides of mammalian skin
9.3.4 Investigate effect of catalase enzyme on hydrogen peroxide.
           KCSE - FORM III BIOLOGY SYLLABUS
10.0.0 Classification II (35 Lessons)
11.0.0 Ecology (55 Lessons)
12.0.0 Reproduction in Plants and Animals (50 Lessons)
13.0.0 Growth and Development (20 Lessons)
10.0.0 CLASSIFICATION II (35 LESSONS)
10.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) state briefly the general principles of classification of living organisms
b) state general characteristics of each of the five kingdoms
c) state the main characteristics of arthropoda, chordata and major divisions of plantae
d) name classes of spermatophyta
e) describe the main characteristics of classes of phyla arthropoda and chordata
f) use observable external features to construct simple dichotomous keys of plants and animals
g) use already constructed dichotomous keys to identify organisms.
CONTENT:
10.2.1 Review of binomial nomenclature
10.2.2 General principles of classification
10.2.3 General characteristics of kingdoms
    Monera
    Protoctista
    Fungi
    Plantae
    Animalia
10.2.4 Main characteristics of major divisions of plantae
    Bryophyta
    Pteridophyta
    Spermatophyta (cover only up to class level)
10.2.5 Main Characteristics of the Phyla Arthropoda and Chordata (cover up to classes as shown)
    Arthropoda
-         diplopoda chilopoda
-         insecta
-         crustacean
-         arachnida
    Chordata
-         Pisces
-         Amphibian
-         Reptilian
-         Ayes
-         mammalia
10.2.6 Construction and use of simple dichotomous keys based on observable features of plants and animals 
10.3.0 Practical activities
10.3.1 Examine live/preserved specimen or photographs of representatives of major divisions of plantae and phyla arthropoda and chordata
10.3.2 Construct simple dichotomous keys using leaves/parts of common plants/arthropods/ common chordates in the local environment
10.3.3 Use dichotomous keys to identify organisms.
11.0.0 ECOLOGY (55 LESSONS)
11.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  a) define the terms ecology, habitat, biomass, ecosystem and carrying capacity
  b) identify the physical (abiotic) and biological (biotic) factors in a given ecosystem
  c) describe the inter relationships of organisms in the ecosystem
  d) differentiate between saprophytism, parasitism and symbiosis
  e) explain the importance of fungi and bacteria as decomposers
  f) relate the mode of transmission to prevention/control of named parasites
  g) describe the adaptive characteristics of named parasites to hosts
  h) explain the importance of symbiotic bacteria in leguminous plants
  i) describe the nitrogen cycle
  j) explain the flow of energy in the ecosystem
  k) identify and construct food chains and food webs, pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass
  i) explain the use of various methods of estimating population
  m) relate adaptations of plants to various habitats
  n) describe the effects of pollutants in air, water and soil on humans and other living organisms
  o) identify symptoms of different types of human diseases, methods of transmission and control. 
CONTENT:
11.2.1 Concepts of Ecology
    Ecology
    Habitat
    Niche
    Population
    Community Ecosystem
    Biomass
    Carrying capacity
11.2.2 Factors in an ecosystem
    Abiotic factors (environmental factors) - light, temperature, atmospheric pressure, salinity, humidity, pH and wind
    Biotic factors
    Inter-relationships – competition, predation, saprophytism, parasitism and symbiosis
    Nitrogen cycle
11.2.3 Energy flow in an ecosystem. Food chains, food webs, decomposers, pyramid of numbers and pyramid of biomass
11.2.4  Population estimation methods
    Quadrat method
    Line transect
    Belt transect
    Capture - recapture method
11.2.5  Adaptations of plants to various habitats
    Xerophytes
    Mesophytes (common terrestrial plants)
    Hydrophytes - Nymphea, Salvinia, spp
    Halophytes — mangrove
11.2.6 Effect of pollution on human beings and other organisms Causes, effects and control of pollutants in air, water and soil
11.2.7  Human diseases
    Bacterial diseases - Cholera and Typhoid
    Protozoa - Malaria and Amoebic dysentry (Amoebiasis)
    Ascaris lumbricoides and Schistosoma
-         Mode of transmission
-         Effects of the parasites on the hosts
-         Adaptive characteristics of the parasites
-         Control/prevention of diseases associated with the parasites
11.3.0 Practical activities
11.3.1 Collect, record, analyse and interpret data from ecological studies (examples of food chains should be used to join up to make food webs. Calculate ratios of consumers to producers from data provided)
11.3.2 Examine specimens of hydrophytes, mesophytes and xerophytes, and identify the features that adapt them to their habitats
11.3.3 Examine roots of legumes taken from fertile and poor soils to compare the number of root nodules
11.3.4 Estimate populations using sampling methods (for quadrat and line/belt transect, measure pl-1, temperature, wind direction and humidity)
12.0.0 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (50 Lessons)
12.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
  a)   describe location and appearance of chromosomes and chromosome movement during mitosis and meiosis
  b)   differentiate between mitosis and meiosis stating their significance in reproduction
  c)   describe and state the importance of asexual reproduction, binary fission, spore formation and budding
  d)   compare adaptations of wind and insect pollinated flowers
  e)   describe the process of fertilization in flowering plants
  f)    describe and explain how different fruits and seeds are formed and dispersed
  g)   differentiate between internal and external fertilization as exhibited by amphibians and mammals (humans)
  h)   relate structure of the human reproductive system to
  i)   describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
  j)   identify the symptoms and explain the method of transmission and prevention of sexually transmitted infections (S.T.Is)
  k)   explain the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and a sexual reproduction.
CONTENT:
12.2.1 Concept of reproduction
    Importance of reproduction
12.2.2 Chromosomes, mitosis and meiosis (mention gamete formation)
12.2.3 Asexual reproduction
    Binary fission in amoeba
    Spore formation/reproduction in mucor/Rhizopus
    Budding in yeast
12.2.4 Sexual reproduction in plants
    Structure and functions of parts of named insect and wind pollinated flowers
    Pollination and agents of pollination
    Features and mechanisms that hinder self-pollination and self fertilization
    The process of fertilization
    Fruit and seed formation and dispersal
12.2.5  Sexual reproduction in animals
    External fertilization in amphibians
    Structure of the reproductive system of a named mammal (human) functions
    Functions of the parts of reproductive system
    Fertilization, implantation and the role of placenta
    Gestation period
    Role of hormones in reproduction in humans (secondary sexual characteristics, menstrual cycle)
12.2.6 Sexually transmitted infections (S.T.Is)
    Gonorrhoea
    Herpes simplex
    Syphilis, Trichomoniasis, Hepatitis, Candidiasis
    HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) - emphasize preventive measures especially change of behaviour
12.2.7 Advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction
12.3.0 Practical Activities
12.3. Examine stages of mitosis using squashed young onion tip/charts/electron micrographs
12.3.2 Examine stages of meiosis using anthers of a flower
12.3.3 Grow bread mould and examine using a hand lens
12.3.4 Examine spores in son of a fern
12.3.5 Examine various types of insect and wind pollinated flowers and relate structure to function
12.3.6 Collect, classify and dissect fruits and seeds and relate their structure to mode of dispersal
12.3.7 Dissect a small mammal to show organs associated with reproduction  (demonstration).
13.0.0 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (20 Lessons)
13.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) differentiate growth from development
b) analyse experimental data on growth rates
c) identify parts of a named seed and factors affecting viability and dormancy in seeds
d) investigate conditions necessary for germination and distinguish the types of germination
e) measure one aspect of growth in a given seedling
f) determine the region of growth in seedlings
g) explain apical dominance
h) distinguish between complete and incomplete metamorphosis in insects
i) explain the role of hormones in regulating growth and development. 
CONTENT:
13.2. 1 Concepts of growth and development
13.2.2 Growth and development in plants
    Dormancy and ways of breaking it
    Conditions necessary for germination
    Epigeal and hypogeal germination
    Measurement of one aspect of growth in a named seedling e.g. region of growth
    Primary and secondary growth
    Role of growth hormones in plants
    Apical dominance
13.2.3 Growth and development in animals
    Complete and incomplete metamorphosis in insects
    Role of growth hormones in insects 
13.3.0 Practical activities
13.3. Examine, draw and differentiate seeds
13.3.2 Determine the region of growth in shoots and roots
13.3.3 Investigate hypogeal and epigeal germination
13.3.4 Carry out experiments to demonstrate apical dominance
13.3.5 Observe stages of complete and incomplete metamorphosis in insects 
13.4.0 Project work:
Measure either length of internodes/ breadth of leaves/height/dry weight of seedlings over a known period of time, analyse and present the data obtained in form of graphs, charts or histograms.
             KCSE - FORM IV  BIOLOGY
14.0.0 Genetics (34 Lessons)
15.0.0 Evolution (19 Lessons)
16.0.0 Reception, Response, and Coordination in Plants and Animals (43 Lessons)
17.0.0 Support and Movement in Plants and Animals (39 Lessons)
 Suggested Assessment Methods.
14.0.0 GENETICS (34 LESSONS)
14.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a)   distinguish between continuous and discontinuous variations
b)   describe the structure and properties of chromosomes
c)   state the first law of inheritance and describe Mendel’s work
d)   construct and use punnet square/checker board
e)   distinguish between F1 and F2 generations, genotype and phenotype, haploidy and diploidy, homozygosity and heterozygosity, dominance and recessiveness, linkage and sex linkage, mutations and mutagens
f)   predict and explain the inheritance of the ABO blood groups and Rhesus (Rh) factor
g)   state examples of genetically inherited disorders
h)   explain causes of chromosomal mutations
i)   explain the practical application of genetics.
CONTENT:
14.2.1 Concepts of genetics
    Variation within plant and animal species
    Review of chromosomes
    Brief mention of genes and DNA (without details of the molecular structure of genes and DNA)
14.2.2 First law of heredity
    Mendel’s experiments - monohybrid inheritance (3:1 ratio)
    Complete and incomplete dominance, backcross/testcross
    Inheritance of ABO blood groups and Rh factor
14.2.3 Sex determination in humans
14.2.4 Linkage
Sex linked genes, sex linked characteristics e.g. Colour blindness, Haemophilia, Hairy ears and Nose
14.2.5 Mutations
    Types of mutations
    Causes and consequences of chromosomal mutations
    Gene mutations(only cover the following examples of genetic disorders: Albinism, Sickle cell Anaemia, Haemophilia, Colour blindness)
14.2.6  Practical applications of genetics
    Blood transfusion
    Plant and animal breeding using artificial selection
    Genetic counselling
    Genetic engineering
14.3.0 Practical Activities
14.3.1 Measure and record heights of class members and plot the data on graphs
14.3.2 Demonstrate chromosome behaviour in mitosis and meiosis by using clay / plasticine / insulated coloured wires/coloured thread
14.3.3 Carry out investigations on finger prints and tongue rolling.
15.0.0 EVOLUTION (19 Lessons)
15.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a) explain the meaning of evolution and the current concepts of evolution
b) describe the struggle for existence and survival for the fittest
c) describe the evidences for organic evolution
d) explain resistance to antibiotics, fungicides and pesticides.
CONTENT:
15.2.1 Meaning of evolution
15.2.2 The origin of life
    Special creation
    Chemical evolution (Brief explanation required)
15.2.3  Evidences for organic evolution
    Fossil records - brief mention of human evolution
    Geographical distribution - continental drift
    Comparative embryology
    Comparative anatomy (Convergent and divergent evolution based on homology and analogy)
    Cell biology - occurrence of cell organelles and blood pigments
15.2.4 Mechanisms of evolution
    Lamarcks theory (Brief mention)
    Evolution by natural selection
    Natural selection in action e.g. peppered moth (industrial melanism)
    Resistance to drugs, pesticides and antibiotics
15.3.0 Practical activities
15.3.1 Compare vertebrate limbs
15.3.2 Compare wings of birds and insects
15.2.3 Education tour to an archaeological site/local museum.
16.0.0 RECEPTION, RESPONSE AND COORDINATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (43 Lessons)
16.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a)   define irritability, stimulus and response
b)   explain differences between tactic and tropic responses and their survival values
c)   explain the production of plant hormones and their effects on tropisms (growth responses)
d)   relate the structure of the mammalian nervous system to its functions
e)   distinguish between simple and conditioned reflex actions
l)   explain the role of endocrine system in humans
g)   state the effects of drug abuse on the human health
h)   relate structure to function of the human ear and eye
i)   explain defects of the eye and ear and their corrections. 
CONTENT:
16.2.1 Meaning of stimulus, response and irritability
16.2.2 Reception, response and coordination in plants
    Response to a variety of external stimuli
    Tropisms and tactic movements and their survival values
    Production of auxins and their effects on plant growth
16.2.3 Reception, responses and coordination in animals
    Components of the nervous system in a mammal
    Structure and functions of the neurones
    Functions of major parts of human brain
    Simple and conditioned reflex actions
16.2.4 The role of hormones in coordination in a mammal
    Effects of over secretion and under secretion of adrenaline and thyroxine in humans
    Functional differences and similarities between endocrine and nervous systems
16.2.5 Effects of drug abuse on the human health
16.2.6 Structure and functions of parts of the mammalian eye (human)
    Accommodation, image formation and interpretations
    Common eye defects and their corrections
16.2.7 Structure and functions of parts of the mammalian ear (human)
    Hearing (omit details of cochlea)
    Balance and posture (mention only parts involved) 
16.3.8 Practical activities
16.3.1 Carry out experiments to investigate tactic responses e.g. chemotaxis - use any of the following organisms: worker termites/fly maggots/earth worms/honey bee/grasshoppers/ woodlice
16.3.2 Carry out experiments on tropisms and etiolation
16.3.3 Determine the distance of blind spot
16.3.4 Carry out knee jerk experiment.
17.0.0 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS (39 Lessons)
17.1.0 Specific Objectives
By the end of the topic, the learner should be able to:
a)   explain the necessity of support and movement in animals and plants
b)  describe the arrangement and the role of supporting tissues in young and old plants
c)   list functions of the exo and endo-skeletons
d)   describe locomotion in a named finned fish
e)   identify the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton in a mammal
f)   describe the structure and functions of different types of joints in a mammal and explain how muscles bring about movement
g)   distinguish between the different types of muscles, their locations and functions.
CONTENT:
17.1.0 Specific Objectives
17.2.1 Plants
    Necessity for support and movement in plants
    Review of tissue distribution in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (Histological details of tissues are not required)
17.2.2  Animals
    Necessity for support and movement in animals
    Types and functions of the skeleton
- exoskeleton in arthropods
- endoskeleton in vertebrate
17.2.3 Locomotion in a finned fish
17.2.4 Identification of the bones of axial and appendicular skeletons (names of individual bones of coccyx not required)
17.2.5 Types and functions of movable joints (ball and socket, hinge joint)
17.2.6 Structure, function and location of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles (Details of fine structure not required)
Role of muscles in the arm in humans
17.3.0 Practical activities
17.3. 1 Observe permanent slides of transverse sections of the stems of herbacious and woody plants
17.3.2 Observe wilting in young herbacious plants
17.3.3 Examine the exoskeleton in arthropods
I 7.3.-I Observe and identify external features of a finned fish
17.3.5 Examine and draw different types of bones in mammals