FORM 1 GEOGRAPHY NOTES SIMPLIFIED WITH TOPICAL QUESTIONS.

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FORM I GEOGRAPHY

Introduction to Geography

The meaning of Geography

• Scientific study of the earth as a home of man.
• Study of interrelationship on natural and human phenomena on the earth’s surface.

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Environment

• The surroundings
• All external conditions surrounding an organism which has influence over its behaviour.

Environment can be divided into two:

1. The Physical Environment
2. Natural physical conditions of weather, climate, vegetation, animals, soil, landforms and drainage.
   1. The Human Environment
3. Human activities such as farming, forestry, mining, tourism, settlement, transportation, trade and industry.

Branches of Geography

1. Physical Geography
2. Deals with the study of natural physical environment of human kind.

The areas covered include:

1. Geology-study of the origin, structure and composition of the earth. It includes study of rocks.
   1. Geomorphology- the study of internal and external land forming processes and landforms.
   1. Climatology- the study of climate and weather
   1. Pedology- the study of soils
   1. Biogeography – the study of soils, vegetation and animals.
   1. Hydrology- the study of water bodies
   1. Spatial geography-study of space
2. Human and Economic Geography

-Study of people and their activities on the earth’s surface.

The areas covered include:

1. Mining
2. Forestry
3. Agriculture
4. Fishing
5. Wildlife and tourism
6. Industry
7. Energy etc.
8. Practical Geography

-A smaller branch which equips the learner with practical skills that enhance their understanding and interpretation of human and physical geographical information.

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The areas are:

1. Statistical methods
2. Map work
3. Field work
4. Photograph work

Importance of Studying Geography

1. Facilitates good relationship among nations by studying geography of other regions of the world.
2.  it’s a career subject in that it enables one to go for advanced studies in specialised fields e.g. geography teachers, meteorology, surveying etc.
3. Enables us to appreciate other people’s way of life by learning economic activities of different communities within our country and other parts of the world.
4. Enables us to conserve our environment when we learn negative and positive effects of human activities on the environment.
5. Enables us to conserve our resources when we learn wise use of resources in conservation and management of resources e.g. wildlife, forests, energy, etc.
6. Inculcates in us virtues of cooperation and patience as we work in groups.
7. Makes us to appreciate manual work as we are involved in practical geography which may lead to self employment.
8. Promotion of industry such as tourism by guiding tourists to places of interest by using maps, calculations of distances etc.

Relationship between Geography and Other Subjects

1. Mathematics-mathematical techniques are used in drawing graphs and pie charts and mathematical formulae are used in geography to calculate distances, areas, population density, population densities, etc.
2. History-history uses geographical tools like maps, charts and graphs to show where past events took place e.g. the movement of people in the past.
3. Biology-Geography explains the distribution of organisms and factors influencing their distribution on the earth’s surface.
4. Physics-geography uses physics principles and formulae to calculate and describe aspects such as magnetic field, gravity, vibrations of the earth etc.
5. Chemistry-geography applies chemistry in studying chemical composition and chemical changes which take place in soils and rocks.
6. Agriculture-geography studies farming systems, their distribution and factors affecting farming activities.
7. Meteorology-geography uses meteorological information in the study of weather and in classifying climatic regions and mapping them.
8. Geology-geography studies rocks.

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The Earth and the Solar System

Solar system is the group of heavenly bodies comprising the sun and the nine planets.

The origin of the Solar System

Theories

A theory is a set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts or events

1. Passing Star Theory
2. A star with a greater gravitational pull passed near the sun
3. It attracted large quantities of gaseous materials from the sun
4. The materials split, cooled and condensed to form planets
5. The planets were set in orbit by the passing star

Weaknesses

• Doesn’t explain the origin of the sun and star.
• Minimal chance of a star approaching another
• Materials would disperse than condense
• Collision Theory
• Star with greater gravitational pull passed near the sun
• It attracted large quantities of gaseous materials
• The materials split into portions
• Large portions collided with smaller ones and swept them to form planets.

The weaknesses are the same as the passing star’s Theory.

• Nebula Clod Theory
• There was a slowly rotating cloud of dust and gas called Nebula
• It cooled and began to contact
• Rotation speed increased and successive rings of gaseous materials were formed.
• The rings condensed to form planets
• The central gaseous material remained as the sun

Evidence

• Rotation and revolution of planets in anticlockwise direction

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Weakness

The origin of nebular is not explained.

• Supernova/explosion Theory
• There was a violent explosion of a star.
• A cloud of dust (nebular) remained from the star.
• There was fast movement of the cloud due to the force of explosion.
• Rotation speed increased due to gravitational attraction
• The cloud flattened into a disc.
• The matter began to accumulate towards the centre to form a proto-sun which later began to shine.
• The rest of the cloud collapsed to form planets.

Weaknesses

• Doesn’t explain the origin of the star
• Doesn’t explain the cause of explosion

Composition of the Solar System

1. The Sun

It’s the centre of the universe.

Characteristics

• It’s a star.

A star is a heavenly possessing its own light which it transmits.

Nebula/galaxy is a cluster of stars.

The earth is in a galaxy called The Milky Way.

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• It’s made of very hot gases mainly hydrogen (70%) and helium (30%).
• Has a diameter of 1392000km.
• Surrounded by a layer of gas which has boiled from its surface which is called corona.
• Rotates on its own axis in anticlockwise direction.
• Has gravitational pull which holds all the planets in orbit around it.

An orbit is a path which a planet or a satellite follows around a star or a planet.

• Temperature at its centre is 15m◦c and at the surface is 5500◦c.
• Radiates solar energy which is very important for all forms of life on the earth.

2. The Planets

Planets are large spherical celestial/heavenly bodies in space.

There are 9 planets in our solar system.

Characteristics

• Spherical in shape
• Don’t have their own light but reflect it from the sun.
• Revolve around the sun in anticlockwise direction.
• Have their own force of gravity
• Only one is known to support life.

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The following are the planets arranged in order from the one nearest to the sun.

Mercury

• Nearest from the sun
• Its 58m km from the sun
• Has no satellites
• Takes approximately 88 earth days to revolve around the sun

Venus

• 2^nd planet from the sun
• It’s 108m km from the sun
• One of the brightest planets
• Can be seen clearly with naked eyes
• Takes approximately 225 earth days to revolve around the sun
• Slightly smaller than the earth
• Has no satellites
• Together with the earth they are called twin planets due to having many similarities

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