FORM 4 GEOGRAPHY NOTES SIMPLIFIED WITH TOPICAL QUESTIONS.

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FORM 4 GEOGRAPHY

LAND RECLAMATION

Land reclamation is the process of converting wasteland into farm land for growing of crops and keeping of animals while land rehabilitation is the process of restoring land to its former productive state.

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Importance

Intensify food production to feed the ever increasing population
To overcome land shortage and pressure.

Methods of Land Reclamation

Irrigation

Artificial method of supplying water to a region which doest receive adequate rainfall or to ensure continuous crop production.
Done in dry areas with low rainfall and regions experiencing dry periods to sustain growth of crops.
Dams are used to store water.

Advantages

Can be used for HEP generation
For fish farming
Supply water for domestic use
Control floods.

Negative effects

Can be a cause of deaths by drowning
1. Breeding ground for mosquitoes which transmit Malaria.
1. breakage can cause destruction of life and property

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Factors Determining the Amount of Water Required for Irrigation

Climate: Areas receiving low rainfall require more water.
1. Soils: Sandy soils require more water than clays due to low water retention ability.
1. Crop: Paddy rice requires water logged soils while vegetables require wet and well drained soils.
1. Size of fields: Small plots require small amounts of water while large plots require large amount of water.

Methods of Irrigation

Water lifting method
- Lifting water from a source by using a bucket or watering can and pouring it on the crops.
- Used widely in market gardens and on farms adjacent to the water.
- Flood/basin irrigation
  - Diverting river water into a canal then to plots where it’s flooded.
  - Commonly used in irrigation schemes.
- Sprinkler or overhead irrigation
  - Taking water to the fields by pipes and applying it on crops by rotating sprinklers mounted on vertical pipes.
  - Used on golf courses and market gardening.
- Trickle irrigation
  - Plastic pipes with holes laid in the fields through which water trickles to the base of plant.
  - Popular where fruits and flowers are grown.
- Canal irrigation
  - Directing water through canal to farms.
  - Commonly used in areas experiencing low rainfall e.g. Yatta in Machakos
- Drip irrigation
- Inverting bottles filled with water into the roots of a plant.
- Used in low rainfall areas to grow trees, fruits and flowers.

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Drainage of Swamps

Process of draining excess water from the land.
Problems of land with excess water are:
Is breeding ground for disease causing vectors.
Is water logged and unsuitable for agriculture.
Is prone to flooding which destroys life and property.

Processes Involved

Digging ditches for water to ooze into and flow away by gravity
Planting eucalyptus which takes up a lot of water e.g. at Kakuzi in Makuyu.
Laying perforated pipes in ditches which water will seep into and flow away by gravity.
- Areas in Kenya with have been reclaimed by draining are:
Yala on lower courses of R.Yala
Bunyala on lower courses of R.Nzoia.
- The project was conceived in 1970.

Objectives of the Project of Draining Them